{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:23:38Z","timestamp":1791779018885,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This is an updated paper focusing on the general epidemiological aspects of\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                    in humans, animals, and the environment. Previously considered nonpathogenic,\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                    species have emerged as opportunistic pathogens that have the ability to colonise and infect susceptible patients.\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are ubiquitous saprophytic yeasts that can be recovered from many environmental sources. Several authors describe the isolation of this fungus from different ecosystems, including sites with unfavourable conditions. Compared to\n                    <jats:italic>R. mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. glutinis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. minuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    are less frequently isolated from natural environments. Among the few references to the pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in animals, there are several reports of an outbreak of skin infections in chickens and sea animals and lung infections and otitis in sheep and cattle. Most of the cases of infection due to\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                    in humans were fungemia associated with central venous catheter (CVC) use. The most common underlying diseases included solid and haematologic malignancies in patients who were receiving corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs, the presence of CVC, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Unlike fungemia, some of the other localised infections caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including meningeal, skin, ocular, peritoneal, and prosthetic joint infections, are not necessarily linked to the use of CVCs or immunosuppression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/465717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T19:27:49Z","timestamp":1349206069000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":262,"title":["Epidemiology of\n                    <i>Rhodotorula<\/i>\n                    : An Emerging Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Wirth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90640-002 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano Z.","family":"Goldani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90640-002 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"1995"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70218-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.4.841","volume":"14","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2307\/30141917","volume":"16","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infection Control and Hospital 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