{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:46:32Z","timestamp":1793490392068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ermenegildo Zegna Foundation"},{"name":"AHSI Company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>To investigate intrathecal immune activation parameters and HIV-RNA in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) of advanced na\u00efve HIV-infected patients and to evaluate their dynamics before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).<jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of HIV RNA, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, INF-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1, and TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2) and chemokines (MIP-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, MIP-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and MCP-1) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV-infected patients with CD4 &lt;200\/<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L.<jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>HAND was diagnosed at baseline in 6\/12 patients. Baseline CSF HIV-RNA was comparable in patients with or without HAND, whereas CSF concentration of IL-6 and MIP-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, proinflammatory cytokines, was increased in HAND patients. CSF evaluation at 12 weeks was available in 10\/12 cases. ART greatly reduced HIV-RNA in all patients. Nevertheless, IL-6 and MIP-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>remained elevated after 12 weeks of therapy in HAND patients, in whom CSF HIV RNA decay was slower than the plasmatic one as well.<jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>Immune activation, as indicated by inflammatory cytokines, but not higher levels of HIV-RNA is observed in advanced na\u00efve HIV-infected patients with HAND. In HAND patients, ART introduction resulted in a less rapid clearance of CSF viremia compared to plasma and no modifications of intratechal immune activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/467154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]],"date-time":"2012-03-27T21:35:56Z","timestamp":1332884156000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Neurocognitive Impairment in HIV-Infected Na\u00efve Patients with Advanced Disease: The Role of Virus and Intrathecal Immune Activation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Airoldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSan Gerardo\u201d Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSan Gerardo\u201d Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Trabattoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LITA VIALBA, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milan-Bicocca, SCC Geriatrics, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Arosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione C\u00e0 Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSan Gerardo\u201d Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Rainone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LITA VIALBA, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lapadula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cSan Gerardo\u201d Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Annoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milan-Bicocca, SCC Geriatrics, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LITA VIALBA, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Don C. 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