{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:45:54Z","timestamp":1789501554801,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human oral mucosa is subjected to many noxious stimuli. One of these substances, in those who have restorations, is dental amalgam which contains mercury. This paper focuses on the local toxic effects of amalgam and mercury from dental restorations. Components of amalgam may, in rare instances, cause local side effects or allergic reactions referred to as oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs). OLLs to amalgams are recognised as hypersensitivity reactions to low-level mercury exposure. The use of patch testing to identify those susceptible from OLL is explored, and recommendations for removing amalgam fillings, when indicated are outlined. We conclude that evidence does not show that exposure to mercury from amalgam restorations poses a serious health risk in humans, except for an exceedingly small number of hypersensitivity reactions that are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/589569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T21:02:40Z","timestamp":1343163760000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Oral Lichenoid Contact Lesions to Mercury and Dental Amalgam\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"McParland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Warnakulasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, King\u2019s College London Dental Institute and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","first-page":"84","volume":"93","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"2","year":"1989"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02041243"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1998.0252","volume":"129","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1994.0055","volume":"125","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"issue":"12","key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4809412","volume":"182","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"8","first-page":"667","volume":"61","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Dental Association"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00016355709041090","volume":"15","year":"1957","journal-title":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4805688","volume":"159","year":"1985","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345850640081001","volume":"64","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690100401","volume":"69","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660121501","volume":"66","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022471"},{"key":"15","year":"2001"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00878.x"},{"key":"18","year":"2008"},{"issue":"12","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4805877","volume":"160","year":"1986","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1990.tb00779.x","volume":"19","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374920060010401","volume":"6","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Dental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(79)90031-8","volume":"48","year":"1979","journal-title":"Oral Surgery Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology"},{"key":"23","year":"1986"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2003.115"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000163501750266774"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(97)80018-1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(97)90244-4","volume":"83","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300405","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000236843","volume":"106","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"30","volume-title":"Red and white lesions of the oral mucosa","year":"2008"},{"issue":"9","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670091401","volume":"67","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(84)80051-4","volume":"13","year":"1984","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(00)90123-3","volume":"42","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00396.x","volume":"36","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"35","first-page":"172","volume":"102","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06091.x"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(95)00004-6","volume":"24","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(00)00096-8"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2006.09.006"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2011.04.008"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00584.x"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1973.01620210008002","volume":"107","year":"1973","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(84)90184-1","volume":"57","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oral Surgery Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.03.020","volume":"103","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology & Endodontics"},{"key":"45","year":"1981"},{"issue":"2","key":"46","first-page":"333","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palack\u00fd, Olomouc Czechoslovakia"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70116-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00053.x","volume":"10","year":"1984","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"49","first-page":"603","volume":"62","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Hautkrankheiten"},{"key":"50","year":"1983"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.04936.x","volume":"148","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"52","first-page":"172","volume":"102","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"53","first-page":"216","volume":"102","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"54","first-page":"69","volume":"35","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4808663","volume":"178","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb16224.x","volume":"134","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"57","first-page":"93","volume":"34","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"58","first-page":"513","volume":"27","year":"1996","journal-title":"Quintessence International"},{"issue":"3","key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1970.tb12440.x","volume":"82","year":"1970","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"310","key":"60","first-page":"251","volume":"67","year":"1971","journal-title":"New Zealand Dental Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04439.x","volume":"9","year":"1983","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4804741"},{"issue":"2","key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800392","volume":"188","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1976.0168","volume":"92","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.181"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2012\/589569.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2012\/589569.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2012\/589569.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T16:51:20Z","timestamp":1561999880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2012\/589569\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["589569","589569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/589569","relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-7243","1110-7251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1110-7243","type":"print"},{"value":"1110-7251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}