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Alternatives to autologous bone grafting include the use of alloplastic and allogenic materials, mesenchymal stem cells, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are essential mediators of bone formation involved in the regulation of differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts. Here we focus on the use of BMPs in experimental models of craniofacial surgery and clinical applications of BMPs in the reconstruction of the cranial vault, palate, and mandible and suggest a model for the use of BMPs in personalized stem cell therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/601549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T16:01:06Z","timestamp":1353427266000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Craniofacial Surgery: Current Techniques, Clinical Experiences, and the Future of Personalized Stem Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Kristofer E.","family":"Chenard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, 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