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No vaccine is available against leishmaniasis. Subunit<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>vaccine immunization in animal models has shown some efficacy but little or none in humans. However, individuals who recover from natural infection are protected from reinfection and develop life-long protection, suggesting that infection may be a prerequisite for immunological memory. Thus, genetically altered live-attenuated parasites with controlled infectivity could achieve such memory. In this paper, we discuss development and characteristics of genetically altered, live-attenuated<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>parasites and their possible use as vaccine candidates against VL. In addition, we discuss the challenges and other considerations in the use of live-attenuated parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]],"date-time":"2011-09-06T19:11:05Z","timestamp":1315336265000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Immunity to Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Genetically Defined Live-Attenuated Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Angamuthu","family":"Selvapandiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Medicine, 254 Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranadhir","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, 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