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Bone metabolism, modulation of the immune response, and regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation are all biological functions of vitamin D. Vitamin D may play an important role in modifying the risk of cardiometabolic outcomes, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The incidence of type 2 DM is increasing worldwide and results from a lack of insulin or inadequate insulin secretion following increases in insulin resistance. Therefore, it has been proposed that vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in insulin resistance resulting in diabetes. The potential role of vitamin D deficiency in insulin resistance has been proposed to be associated with inherited gene polymorphisms including vitamin D-binding protein, vitamin D receptor, and vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase gene. Other roles have been proposed to involve immunoregulatory function by activating innate and adaptive immunity and cytokine release, activating inflammation by upregulation of nuclear factor<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B and inducing tumor necrosis factor<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and other molecular actions to maintain glucose homeostasis and mediate insulin sensitivity by a low calcium status, obesity, or by elevating serum levels of parathyroid hormone. These effects of vitamin D deficiency, either acting in concert or alone, all serve to increase insulin resistance. Although there is evidence to support a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism requires further exploration. The purpose of this paper was to review the current information available concerning the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/634195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,3]],"date-time":"2012-09-03T21:01:13Z","timestamp":1346706073000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Role of Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Chih-Chien","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Tser","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, 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