{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:44:08Z","timestamp":1773920648846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is responsible for most<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-associated deaths. VL represents a serious public health problem that affects many countries. The immune response in leishmaniasis is very complex and is poorly understood. The Th1 versus Th2 paradigm does not appear to be so clear in visceral leishmaniasis, suggesting that other immunosuppressive or immune-evasion mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of VL. It has been demonstrated that generation of adenosine, a potent endogenous immunosuppressant, by extracellular enzymes capable to hydrolyze adenosine tri-nucleotide (ATP) at the site of infection, can lead to immune impairment and contribute to leishmaniasis progression. In this regard, this paper discusses the unique features in VL immunopathogenesis, including a possible role for ectonucleotidases in leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/650874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T19:03:24Z","timestamp":1317841404000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Adenosine and Immune Imbalance in Visceral Leishmaniasis: The Possible Role of Ectonucleotidases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Paletta-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Meyer-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica Celular, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro981"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00311.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2008.06809.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00347-X"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822010000400010","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.06.015"},{"issue":"5","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.522","volume":"56","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.20256"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000252"},{"issue":"6","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.6.1515","volume":"173","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2003.11.010"},{"issue":"11","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.11.6148","volume":"161","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03171.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(02)00017-X"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2174\/1874421401004010116","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Parasitology Journal"},{"issue":"198","key":"20","first-page":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"CIBA Foundation Symposia"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.3104re1"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2938"},{"issue":"6","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.2962","volume":"170","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.05.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06782-1","volume":"46","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737781"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-006-9042-y"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.04.013"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0505249"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00570-0"},{"issue":"7","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4383","volume":"175","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.096016"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0607359"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-006-9033-z"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.01.024"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(03)00058-9"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002100000309"},{"issue":"4497","key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7233189","volume":"212","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2384"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.02.007"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.04.007"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.04.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(84)90002-1","volume":"10","year":"1984","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000100004","volume":"106","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2850041","volume":"285","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.11.003"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.07.099"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1097(93)90353-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09586-0","volume":"38","year":"1990","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.07.014"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062512"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-006-9050-y"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.07.001"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.047423"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01315"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2012\/650874.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2012\/650874.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2012\/650874.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T14:05:38Z","timestamp":1741788338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2012\/650874\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["650874","650874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/650874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9686","1687-9694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9686","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}