{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:03:08Z","timestamp":1790006588963,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["AGL2011-25169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2011-25169"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CSD2007-00063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSD2007-00063"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["AGL2011-25169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2011-25169"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CSD2007-00063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSD2007-00063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy, triggered by dietary wheat gluten and similar proteins of barley and rye in genetically susceptible individuals. The etiology of this disorder is complex, involving both environmental and genetic factors. The major genetic risk factor for CD is represented by HLA-DQ genes, which account for approximately 40% of the genetic risk; however, only a small percentage of carriers develop the disease. Gluten is the main environmental factor responsible for the signs and symptoms of the disease, but exposure to gluten does not fully explain the manifestation of CD. Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that environmental factors other than gluten might play a role in disease development, including early feeding practices (e.g., breast milk<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>formula and duration of breastfeeding), infections, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition. Herein, we review what is known about the influence of dietary factors, exposure to infectious agents, and intestinal microbiota composition, particularly in early life, on the risk of developing CD, as well as the possible dietary strategies to induce or increase gluten tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/654143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,12]],"date-time":"2012-09-12T02:44:31Z","timestamp":1347417871000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Immune Development and Intestinal Microbiota in Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Pozo-Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (ICTAN-CSIC), Calle Jos\u00e9 Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agust\u00edn Escardino, 7. Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Nova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (ICTAN-CSIC), Calle Jos\u00e9 Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agust\u00edn Escardino, 7. Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge R.","family":"Mujico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (ICTAN-CSIC), Calle Jos\u00e9 Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Desamparados","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agust\u00edn Escardino, 7. Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ascensi\u00f3n","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (ICTAN-CSIC), Calle Jos\u00e9 Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agust\u00edn Escardino, 7. Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.02.017"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.75"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2058"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-040210-092915"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03704.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-005-0203-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"5","first-page":"G996","volume":"283","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074129"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050173t"},{"key":"8","first-page":"29","volume":"412","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30253"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0311-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.2.150","volume":"34","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-93.x-i2","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-010-0465-9"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.05.006"},{"issue":"7762","key":"16","first-page":"1202","volume":"1","year":"1972","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.13.12.958","volume":"13","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.11.887","volume":"18","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.03.010","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinics in Dermatology"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70290-X"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071204"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00481.x"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.018"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13803-2"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.020"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.03.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.77.3.206","volume":"77","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.19.2343"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.5.748"},{"issue":"1","key":"30","first-page":"2","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06787.x","volume":"182","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000304464.60788.bd"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2008.00718.x"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000326766"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.082016"},{"issue":"5","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.5.914","volume":"75","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb01210.x","volume":"89","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31818c52cc"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400309"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.417"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i16.1939"},{"issue":"4","key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2001119","volume":"60","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.08.008"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2009.0004"},{"issue":"5","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.5.1308","volume":"135","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"12","key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7190","volume":"173","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106366"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03668.x"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47410-0"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-232"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.061366"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.076950"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00365-11"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030791"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182073103"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1997.0102"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.1.219-226.2002"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02849.x"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02063-08"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.02.004"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.03.008"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334411424729"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.09.028"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86373"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091334"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.02.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"67","first-page":"F186","volume":"83","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000228317.72933.db"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.111237"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040034"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.09.024"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2670"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080352502753457905"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04814.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.8.995","volume":"28","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.11.1504","volume":"33","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.10.1114","volume":"32","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"78","first-page":"61","volume":"6","year":"1993","journal-title":"Modern Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000236457","volume":"101","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909093047","volume":"24","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409092489","volume":"29","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026650118759"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9851-z"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-6883(11)60116-3"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/169591","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200109000-00018"},{"issue":"9","key":"94","first-page":"687","volume":"36","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.102"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.543"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807917"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp365"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0331"},{"key":"105","first-page":"487","volume-title":"Oral tolerance: basic mechanisms and clinical implications","year":"2005"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106442"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1309.001"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023931"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(03)00069-5"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000225162.98391.81"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09849"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900233"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802891"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-5-19"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22459"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016169"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.08.003"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.04.006"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02582.x","volume":"74","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/654143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/654143.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/654143.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T14:26:10Z","timestamp":1594650370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/654143\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["654143","654143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/654143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-2522","1740-2530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-2522","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}