{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:24:55Z","timestamp":1763036695399,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Central nervous system vasculitides in children may develop as a primary condition or secondary to an underlying systemic disease. Many vasculitides affect both adults and children, while some others occur almost exclusively in childhood. Patients usually present with systemic symptoms with single or multiorgan dysfunction. The involvement of central nervous system in childhood is not frequent and it occurs more often as a feature of subtypes like childhood polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, Henoch Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, and Bechet disease. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system of childhood is a reversible cause of severe neurological impairment, including acute ischemic stroke, intractable seizures, and cognitive decline. The first line therapy of CNS vasculitides is mainly based on corticosteroids and immunosuppressor drugs. Other strategies include plasmapheresis, immunoglobulins, and biologic drugs. This paper discusses on current understanding of most frequent primary and secondary central nervous system vasculitides in children including a tailored-diagnostic approach and new evidence regarding treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/698327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,12]],"date-time":"2012-09-12T22:03:18Z","timestamp":1347487398000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Recent Understanding on Diagnosis and Management of Central Nervous System Vasculitis in Children"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Ludovico","family":"Iannetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Immunovirology Service, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Immunovirology Service, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Immunovirology Service, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-9205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Papetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiorenza","family":"Ulgiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Nicita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Del Balzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Spalice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200401000-00009"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046300"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03591.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3331"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.065110"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1336-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.1998.tb00120.x","volume":"2","year":"1998","journal-title":"Therapeutic Apheresis"},{"issue":"3","key":"9","first-page":"198","volume":"148","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annales de Medecine Interne"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6942(02)90237-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199504000-00008","volume":"309","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of the Medical Sciences"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep148"},{"issue":"3","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.3.186","volume":"75","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2011.11.003"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.12.004"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20110131"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2182"},{"issue":"6","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.6.1379","volume":"94","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00290-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0104-4230(11)70062-8","volume":"57","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2010.11.019"},{"issue":"5","key":"22","first-page":"429","volume":"22","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"issue":"7","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.7.1320","volume":"29","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110877"},{"issue":"23","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106063242305","volume":"324","year":"1991","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.09.001"},{"issue":"4, article cd004175","key":"27","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"28","first-page":"210","volume":"3","year":"1994","journal-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0461-y","volume":"22","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-011-0045-2","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Cardiology"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-010-0091-6"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318220c3cf"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922806294842"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.72.850"},{"issue":"4","key":"35","first-page":"808","volume":"31","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"36","first-page":"453","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"37","first-page":"355","volume":"66","year":"2008","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.06.014"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-08-0121"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11279-7"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100249900118"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2009.02.001"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.116657"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000477"},{"issue":"4","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.4.687","volume":"75","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep282"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181fe9282"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0502-0"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602223340803"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2011.10.006"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-011-0478-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01958961","volume":"151","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.03.024"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0559-y"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.011"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.04.021"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808318199"},{"issue":"9","key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.9.1096","volume":"83","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1414-6"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.080432"},{"issue":"2","key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200106000-00011","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.056804"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2006.11.002"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.055434"},{"issue":"1","key":"66","first-page":"181","volume":"32","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.05.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200235","volume":"22","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.01.011"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609347123"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22075"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.046"},{"issue":"3","key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.59.3.293","volume":"59","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10797","volume":"47","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Care and Research"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32831cf5e6"},{"issue":"1","key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-1-200701020-00007","volume":"146","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep453","volume":"49","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70243-X"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911796557920"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/698327.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/698327.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/698327.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T21:16:23Z","timestamp":1643404583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/698327\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["698327","698327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/698327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-2522","1740-2530"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1740-2522"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1740-2530"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}