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Urogenital function is not spared, and although priapism is most frequently remembered, other related clinical manifestations have been described, such as nocturia, enuresis, increased frequence of lower urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence, hypogonadism, and testicular infarction. Studies on sickle cell vaso-occlusion and priapism using both<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>models have shed light on the pathogenesis of some of these events. The authors review what is known about the deleterious effects of sickling on the genitourinary tract and how the role of cyclic nucleotides signaling and protein kinases may help understand the pathophysiology underlying these manifestations and develop novel therapies in the setting of urogenital disorders in sickle cell disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/723520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]],"date-time":"2012-06-13T21:01:50Z","timestamp":1339621310000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sickling Cells, Cyclic Nucleotides, and Protein Kinases: The Pathophysiology of Urogenital Disorders in Sickle Cell Anemia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rio Angelo","family":"Claudino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, S\u00e3o Francisco University (USF), 12916-900 Bragan\u00e7a Paulista, SP, 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