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Microglia may be activated by oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>(A<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>) that are constituents of senile plaques and by molecules derived from degenerated neurons, such as purines and chemokines, which enhance their migration and phagocytosis. The main neurotoxic molecules produced by activated microglia may be reactive oxygen species, glutamate, and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor-necrosis-factor-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>and interleukin- (IL-) 1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>These molecules differentially induce neurotoxicity. A<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>itself directly damages neurons. In terms of neuroprotective properties, microglia treated with fractalkine or IL-34 attenuate A<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>neurotoxicity by A<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>clearance and the production of antioxidants. 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