{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T01:22:04Z","timestamp":1774747324076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with autoimmunity and extrahepatic manifestations in adults. Few data are available on these topics in children. Nonorgan specific auto-antibodies development is part of the natural course of chronic hepatitis C in children. Smooth muscle autoantibody is the most common autoantibody found, while liver-kidney microsomal type-1 antibody positivity is the most peculiar autoimmune feature of children with HCV infection. The clinical significance of non-organ specific autoantibodies in the course of paediatric chronic hepatitis C is still debated. Autoantibody positivity can be considered neutral for most patients, while it can be associated with negative connotations for others, especially those positive for liver-kidney microsomal type-1 autoantibody. Subclinical hypothyroidism but not autoimmune thyroiditis has been demonstrated in HCV infection in children, while only few cases of HCV-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis have been described. Single reports are available in the literature reporting the anecdotal association between chronic hepatitis C and other extrahepatic manifestations such as myopathy and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Despite the low incidence of extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C in children, overall, available data suggest a careful monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/785627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,8]],"date-time":"2012-05-08T21:07:42Z","timestamp":1336511262000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Autoimmunity and Extrahepatic Manifestations in Treatment-Na\u00efve Children with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children University Hospital of Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bartolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children University Hospital of Florence, 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