{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:36:06Z","timestamp":1792722966711,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. High HIV burden countries have experienced a high burden of pleural TB in HIV-infected patients.<jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. To review the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pleural TB in HIV-infected patients.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. A literature search from 1950 to June 2011 in MEDLINE was conducted.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Two-hundred and ninety-nine studies were identified, of which 30 met the inclusion criteria. The immunopathogenesis as denoted by cells and cytokine profiles is distinctly different between HIV and HIV-uninfected pleural TB disease. Adenosine deaminase and interferon gamma are good markers of pleural TB disease even in HIV-infected patients. HIV-uninfected TB suspects with pleural effusions commonly have a low yield of TB organisms however the evidence suggests that in dually infected patients smear and cultures have a higher yield. The Gene Xpert MTB\/RIF assay has significant potential to improve the diagnosis of pleural TB in HIV-positive patients.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Pleural TB in HIV-infected patients has a different immunopathogenesis than HIV-uninfected pleural TB and these findings in part support the differences noted in this systematic review. Research should focus on developing an interferon gamma-based point of care diagnostic test and expansion of the role of Gene Xpert in the diagnosis of pleural TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/842045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T21:03:10Z","timestamp":1331758990000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology, Immunopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pleural TB in HIV- Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Aljohaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. 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