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Accordingly, the vast majority of modelling approaches also neglect muscle internal inertia. Assuming that such first-order contraction dynamics yet interacts with muscle internal mass distribution, this study investigates two questions: (i) what is the time scale on which the muscle responds to a force step? (ii) How does this response scale with muscle design parameters? Thereto, we simulated accelerated contractions of alternating sequences of Hill-type contractile elements and point masses. We found that in a typical small muscle the force levels off after about 0.2\u2009ms, contraction velocity after about 0.5\u2009ms. In an upscaled version representing bigger mammals' muscles, the force levels off after about 20\u2009ms, and the theoretically expected maximum contraction velocity is not reached. We conclude (i) that it may be indispensable to introduce second-order contributions into muscle models to understand high-frequency muscle responses, particularly in bigger muscles. Additionally, (ii) constructing more elaborate measuring devices seems to be worthwhile to distinguish viscoelastic and inertia properties in rapid contractile responses of muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/848630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,22]],"date-time":"2012-11-22T16:00:46Z","timestamp":1353600046000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Spreading out Muscle Mass within a Hill-Type Model: A Computer Simulation Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Sport-und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, Allmandring 28, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Bewegungswissenschaft, Institut f\u00fcr Sportwissenschaft, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t, Seidelstra\u00dfe 20, 07749 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Stuttgart Research Centre for Simulation Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 7a, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"R\u00f6hrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stuttgart Research Centre for Simulation Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 7a, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Mechanik (Bauwesen), Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, Lehrstuhl II, Pfaffenwaldring 7a, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel F. 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