{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:51:15Z","timestamp":1792799475953,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003810","name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lutheran University of Brazil","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00kde4z41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sleep apnea is a breathing disorder that results from momentary and cyclic collapse of the upper airway, leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH). IH can lead to the formation of free radicals that increase oxidative stress, and this mechanism may explain the association between central sleep apnea and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We assessed the level of inflammation in the lung and liver tissue from animals subjected to intermittent hypoxia and simulated sleep apnea. A total of 12 C57BL\/6 mice were divided into two groups and then exposed to IH (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) or a simulated IH (SIH) (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) for 35 days. We observed an increase in oxidative damage and other changes to endogenous antioxidant enzymes in mice exposed to IH. Specifically, the expression of multiple transcription factors, including hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03ba<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    B), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cleaved caspase 3 were shown to be increased in the IH group. Overall, we found that exposure to intermittent hypoxia for 35 days by simulating sleep apnea leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, and increased activity of caspase 3 in the liver and lung.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/879419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,26]],"date-time":"2012-11-26T16:09:27Z","timestamp":1353946167000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Simulating Sleep Apnea by Exposure to Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Inflammation in the Lung and Liver"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Darlan Pase","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade Cenecista de Bento Gon\u00e7alves, 95700-973 Bento Gon\u00e7alves, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Felipe","family":"Forgiarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Pneumol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Baronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano Andrade","family":"Feij\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Pneumol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00eanis","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma 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