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The objectives were to establish the evidence on the effectiveness, safety and functional outcome of BTX-A in children with musculoskeletal conditions. A literature search using five electronic databases identified 24 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Two randomized clinical trials were included; most studies were case studies with small sample sizes and no control group. Improvements in gait pattern, function, range of motion, reduction of co-contractions, and avoidance of surgical procedures were found following BTX-A injections. Adverse events were not reported in 10 studies, minor adverse events were reported in 13 children and there were no severe adverse events. Additional doses appear safe. BTX-A is a promising treatment adjunct in improving functional outcomes in children with musculoskeletal conditions. Future studies including larger samples, longer follow-up periods and a comparison group are required to provide evidence on the effectiveness and safety of this drug in children with musculoskeletal conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/898924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,5]],"date-time":"2012-04-05T18:24:56Z","timestamp":1333650296000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effectiveness and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Children with Musculoskeletal Conditions: What Is the Current State of Evidence?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Dahan-Oliel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shriners Hospital for Children\u2013Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1A6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Kasaai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shriners Hospital for Children\u2013Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 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