{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:18:47Z","timestamp":1776143927509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins, that represent a fundamental link between innate and adaptive immune responses.<jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in the normal nasal mucosa and in the mucosa of subjects with different phenotypes of rhinitis.<jats:italic>Methodology<\/jats:italic>. A confocal analysis of TLR4 and TLR9 (co)expression was carried out on biopsies from the inferior turbinate obtained from 4 patients affected by persistent allergic rhinitis, 8 patients with chronic rhino-sinusitis, and 6 patients with vasomotor rhinitis The results were compared with those of specimens obtained from 4 subjects undergoing nasal surgery, but with signs of nasal inflammation.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. TLR4 and TLR9 were expressed in the healthy nasal mucosa; TLR4 and TLR9 expression was significantly decreased in allergic rhinitis. TLR4 was over expressed in the epithelium of chronic rhino-sinusitis. Both TLRs were co-expressed in the sub-epithelial infiltrate of chronic and vasomotor rhinitis, even though this expression was higher in the former compared with the latter.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. This study indicates that TLR4 and TLR9 show a different pattern of expression in different phenotypes of rhinitis, possibly related to the type and severity of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,10]],"date-time":"2012-04-10T21:03:35Z","timestamp":1334091815000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["TLR4 and TLR9 Expression in Different Phenotypes of Rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Lauriello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio Coppito 2, L'Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.B. 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