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This process represents a delicate balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In most mammals, the testicles are kept in the scrotum 2 to 7\u00b0C below body core temperature, and the spermatogenic process proceeds with a blood and oxygen supply that is fairly independent of changes in other vascular beds in the body. Despite this apparently well-controlled local environment, pathologies such as varicocele or testicular torsion and environmental exposure to low oxygen (hypoxia) can result in changes in blood flow, nutrients, and oxygen supply along with an increased local temperature that may induce adverse effects on Leydig cell function and spermatogenesis. These conditions may lead to male subfertility or infertility. Our literature analyses and our own results suggest that conditions such as germ cell apoptosis and DNA damage are common features in hypoxia and varicocele and testicular torsion. Furthermore, oxidative damage seems to be present in these conditions during the initiation stages of germ cell damage and apoptosis. Other mechanisms like membrane-bound metalloproteinases and phospholipase A2 activation could also be part of the pathophysiological consequences of testicular hypoxia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/929285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T18:49:00Z","timestamp":1349030940000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["The Hypoxic Testicle: Physiology and Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Juan G.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, 2340000 Valpara\u00edso, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge G.","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Ciencias y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad de La Frontera, 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