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A novel tree search algorithm is proposed to enable the detector to provide soft outputs and to be implemented in parallel and pipelined hardware architecture. The frame error rate (FER) of the detector approaches the quasi\u2010optimal sphere decoder, with 0.5\u2010dB degradation. Moreover, the proposed detector can operate at the optimal voltage under different configurations and detect\/recover timing error at run time by a novel adaptive voltage scaling technique with double sampling circuitry. The proposed detector, using TSMC 0.18\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m single\u2010poly six\u2010metal CMOS process with a core area of 1.17 \u00d7 1.17\u2009mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, provides fixed throughput of 45\u2009Mbps in 64\u2010QAM configuration, 120\u2009Mbps in 16\u2010QAM configuration, and 60\u2009Mbps in QPSK configuration. The normalized power efficiency of the design for 64\u2010QAM and 16\u2010QAM configurations is 1.56\u2009Mbps\/mW and 2.53\u2009Mbps\/mW, respectively. Compared with the conservative margin\u2010based design, the proposed design achieves a 48.8% power saving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/938490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]],"date-time":"2012-03-02T14:18:53Z","timestamp":1330697933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Power\u2010Efficient Soft\u2010Output Detector for Spatial\u2010Multiplexing MIMO Communications"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Hsiao-Chi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tung-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuan-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hsi-Pin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2003.817444"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1985-0777278-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.847505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","unstructured":"HagenauerJ.andHoeherP. 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