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Postmenopausal women are more prone to osteoporosis due to reduction in estrogen which may further lead to elevation of oxidative stress and lipid accumulation which will promote osteoblasts apoptosis. Proinflammatory cytokines are elevated following estrogen deficiency. These cytokines are important determinants of osteoclasts differentiation and its bone resorption activity. The main treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Despite its effectiveness, ERT, however, can cause many adverse effects. Therefore, alternative treatment that is rich in antioxidant and can exert an anti-inflammatory effect can be given to replace the conventional ERT. Tualang honey is one of the best options available as it contains antioxidant as well as exerting anti-inflammatory effect which can act as a free radical scavenger, reducing the oxidative stress level as well as inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine. This will result in survival of osteoblasts, reduced osteoclastogenic activity, and consequently, reduce bone loss. Hence, Tualang honey can be used as an alternative treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with minimal side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/938574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T21:02:34Z","timestamp":1346274154000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Effects of Tualang Honey on Bone Metabolism of Postmenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Mohd Effendy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norazlina","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, 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