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However, 2D directional sensing model failed to accurately characterize the actual application scene of image\/video sensor networks. To remedy this deficiency, we propose a 3D directional sensor coverage-control model with tunable orientations. Besides, a novel criterion for judgment is proposed in view of the irrationality that traditional virtual potential field algorithms brought about on the criterion for the generation of virtual force. Furthermore, cross-set test is used to determine whether the sensory region has any overlap and coverage impact factor is introduced to reduce profitless rotation from coverage optimization, thereby the energy cost of nodes was restrained and the performance of the algorithm was improved. The extensive simulations results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed 3D sensing model and IPA3D (improved virtual potential field based algorithm in three-dimensional directional sensor networks). <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/942080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]],"date-time":"2012-05-15T21:12:04Z","timestamp":1337116324000},"page":"942080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Improved Virtual Potential Field Algorithm Based on Probability Model in Three-Dimensional Directional Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, and Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, and Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, and Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, and Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-2012-942080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2001.916633"},{"issue":"10","key":"B2-2012-942080","first-page":"2284","volume":"37","author":"Tao D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Electronica Sinica"},{"key":"B3-2012-942080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.10.002"},{"first-page":"299","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Distributed Autonomous Robotics Systems (DARS '02)","author":"Howard A.","key":"B4-2012-942080"},{"first-page":"165","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","author":"Poduri S.","key":"B5-2012-942080"},{"key":"B6-2012-942080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/972627.972631"},{"key":"B7-2012-942080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10878-006-5975-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8-2012-942080","first-page":"71","volume":"34","author":"Li S. 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