{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:44:46Z","timestamp":1789191886717,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Current thinking about pathophysiology has shifted away from embolism toward a maternal immune response to the fetus. Two immunologic mechanisms have been studied to date. Anaphylaxis appears to be doubtful while the available evidence supports a role for complement activation. With the mechanism remaining to be elucidated, AFE remains a clinical diagnosis. It is diagnosed based on one or more of four key signs\/symptoms: cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, coagulopathy, and\/or coma\/seizures. The only laboratory test that reliably supports the diagnosis is the finding of fetal material in the maternal pulmonary circulation at autopsy. Perhaps the most compelling mystery surrounding AFE is not why one in 20,000 parturients are afflicted, but rather how the vast majority of women can tolerate the foreign antigenic presence of their fetus both within their uterus and circulation?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/946576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]],"date-time":"2011-09-29T15:04:39Z","timestamp":1317308679000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Current Concepts of Immunology and Diagnosis in Amniotic Fluid Embolism"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Benson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"301","volume":"2","year":"1926","journal-title":"Brasil-Medico"},{"key":"2","first-page":"1245\u20131254,1340\u20131345","volume":"117","year":"1941","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.2.9.989"},{"key":"4","volume":"48","year":"1964"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181fdfb11"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00770.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000313302"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181d9f629"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02656.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.09.052"},{"issue":"16","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195010192431601","volume":"243","year":"1950","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90276-6","volume":"109","year":"1971","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(67)90183-4","volume":"98","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.9.1.38","volume":"9","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1053\/ob.1996.v175.a74918","volume":"175","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"16","first-page":"302","volume":"93","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)01213-8"},{"issue":"10","key":"18","first-page":"926","volume":"46","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000154255.67466.8e"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-009-0730-1","volume":"454","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00034-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(02)00638-X"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050160"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.07.010"},{"key":"25","volume-title":"Complement","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91474-9","volume":"172","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70428-9"},{"key":"28","volume-title":"Anaphylactic syndrome","year":"1995"},{"issue":"25","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106203242506","volume":"324","year":"1991","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-6-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"31","first-page":"749","volume":"175","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"196","key":"32","first-page":"3","volume":"71","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae"},{"issue":"6","key":"33","first-page":"901","volume":"104","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050601134686"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050500362206"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020560"},{"issue":"3","key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-197403000-00001","volume":"29","year":"1974","journal-title":"Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.04.052"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2010.06597.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700529","volume":"37","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Medical Research"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00511.x"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31817f10e8"},{"issue":"1","key":"43","first-page":"64","volume":"51","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist"},{"issue":"8","key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709024354","volume":"76","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"5","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012944","volume":"46","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0265-0215.2001.00859.x"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199807000-00027"},{"key":"48","volume-title":"Obsetrical hemorrhage","year":"2010"},{"key":"49","first-page":"606","volume":"91","year":"1963","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/51.4.477","volume":"51","year":"1969","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999974","volume":"2","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(85)80153-8","volume":"152","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90334-0","volume":"155","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994071","volume":"15","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-996043","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-009-0351-x"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Developmental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/946576.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/946576.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/946576.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T03:11:05Z","timestamp":1497928265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2012\/946576\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["946576","946576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/946576","relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-2522","1740-2530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-2522","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}