{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:18:00Z","timestamp":1791645480240,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]],"date-time":"2012-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bromelain belongs to a group of protein digesting enzymes obtained commercially from the fruit or stem of pineapple. Fruit bromelain and stem bromelainare prepared differently and they contain different enzymatic composition. \u201cBromelain\u201d refers usually to the \u201cstem bromelain.\u201d Bromelain is a mixture of different thiol endopeptidases and other components like phosphatase, glucosidase, peroxidase, cellulase, escharase, and several protease inhibitors.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies demonstrate that bromelain exhibits various fibrinolytic, antiedematous, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Bromelain is considerably absorbable in the body without losing its proteolytic activity and without producing any major side effects. Bromelain accounts for many therapeutic benefits like the treatment of angina pectoris, bronchitis, sinusitis, surgical trauma, and thrombophlebitis, debridement of wounds, and enhanced absorption of drugs, particularly antibiotics. It also relieves osteoarthritis, diarrhea, and various cardiovascular disorders. Bromelain also possesses some anticancerous activities and promotes apoptotic cell death. This paper reviews the important properties and therapeutic applications of bromelain, along with the possible mode of action.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/976203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]],"date-time":"2012-12-10T16:09:48Z","timestamp":1355155788000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":355,"title":["Properties and Therapeutic Application of Bromelain: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Pavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh 202145, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh 202145, 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