{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:17:05Z","timestamp":1791310625662,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRD-1135863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRD-1135863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRD-1241701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRD-1241701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRD-1135863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRD-1135863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRD-1241701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRD-1241701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the agent of bacterial sexually transmitted infections, can manifest itself as either acute cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or a chronic asymptomatic infection. Inflammation induced by\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    contributes greatly to the pathogenesis of disease. Here we evaluated the anti-inflammatory capacity of naringenin, a polyphenolic compound, to modulate inflammatory mediators produced by mouse J774 macrophages infected with live\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infected macrophages produced a broad spectrum of inflammatory cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF, IL-1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , IL-1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , IL-6, IL-12p70, and IL-10) and chemokines (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL10) which were downregulated by naringenin in a dose-dependent manner. Enhanced protein and mRNA gene transcript expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in addition to the CD86 costimulatory molecule on infected macrophages were modulated by naringenin. Pathway-specific inhibition studies disclosed that p38 mitogen-activated-protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in the production of inflammatory mediators by infected macrophages. Notably, naringenin inhibited the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to phosphorylate p38 in macrophages, suggesting a potential mechanism of its attenuation of concomitantly produced inflammatory mediators. Our data demonstrates that naringenin is an immunomodulator of inflammation triggered by\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which possibly may be mediated upstream by modulation of TLR2, TLR4, and CD86 receptors on infected macrophages and downstream via the p38 MAPK pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/102457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]],"date-time":"2013-05-23T17:00:42Z","timestamp":1369328442000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Flavonoid Naringenin: A Potential Immunomodulator for\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Abebayehu N.","family":"Yilma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Center for NanoBiotechnology and Life Sciences Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, 1627 Hall Street, 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