{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:54:52Z","timestamp":1791352492476,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003179","name":"Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AHFMR Interdisciplinary Team Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which consists of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gas-trointestinal tract. In genetically susceptible individuals, the interaction between environmental factors and normal intestinal commensal flora is believed to lead to an inappropriate immune response that results in chronic inflammation. The incidence of IBD have increased in the past century in developed and developing countries. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the association between environmental risk factors and IBD. A number of environmental risk factors were investigated including smoking, hygiene, microorganisms, oral contraceptives, antibiotics, diet, breast-feeding, geographical factors, pollution and stress. Inconsistent findings among the studies highlight the complex pathogenesis of IBD. Additional studies are necessary to identify and elucidate the role of environmental factors in IBD etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/102859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T03:49:21Z","timestamp":1458013761000},"page":"e18-e24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Environment and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Frolkis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levinus A","family":"Dieleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman W","family":"Barkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remo","family":"Panaccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard N","family":"Fedorak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilaad G","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"on behalf of the Alberta IBD Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","container-title":["Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjgh\/2013\/102859.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjgh\/2013\/102859.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T03:22:36Z","timestamp":1481167356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjgh\/2013\/102859\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"alternative-id":["102859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/102859","relation":{},"ISSN":["0835-7900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0835-7900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}