{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:25:32Z","timestamp":1790619932949,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362355200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ISRN Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of caffeine after single administration of a coffee enema versus coffee consumed orally in healthy male subjects. The study design was an open-label, randomized two-phase crossover study. Eleven healthy subjects were randomly assigned either to receive  500\u2009mL of coffee enema for 10 minutes or to consume 180\u2009mL of ready-to-drink coffee beverage. After a washout period of at least 10 days, all the subjects were switched to receive the alternate coffee procedure. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at specific time points until 12 hours after coffee administration in each phase. The mean caffeine content in both the coffee solution prepared for the coffee enema and the ready-to-drink coffee beverage was not statistically different. The <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>max<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math> and AUC of caffeine obtained from the coffee enema were about 3.5 times significantly less than those of the coffee consumed orally, despite having slightly but statistically faster <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>max<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>. The <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> of caffeine obtained following both coffee procedures did not statistically differ. In summary, the relative bioavailability of caffeine obtained from the coffee enema was about 3.5 times significantly less than those of the coffee consumed orally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/147238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T02:16:46Z","timestamp":1362449806000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine following a Single Administration of Coffee Enema versus Oral Coffee Consumption in Healthy Male Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1329-379X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Supanimit","family":"Teekachunhatean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Thai Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, 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