{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:34:30Z","timestamp":1773038070442,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]],"date-time":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366588800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> infection and epilepsy was previously demonstrated by several case-control studies and case reports. These previous studies were often based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> excretory-secretory antigens, which are not specific due to cross-reactivity with other parasitic infections such as ascariasis, trichuriasis, and anisakiasis. An immunoblot analysis is highly specific and can detect low levels of <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> antibodies. Therefore, this assay may be useful in the identification of toxocariasis in epileptic patients. We examined patients who had epilepsy and healthy subjects for seropositivity for <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> infection by ELISA and Western blotting. Out of 85 epileptic patients, 10 (11.8%) and 3 (3.5%) persons exhibited <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies responses by ELISA and by both techniques, respectively. Moreover, in the healthy group (), 3 (3.5%) persons were positive by ELISA, but none was detected by Western blotting. This study indicates that <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> infection is a risk factor for epilepsy in Iran. These findings strongly suggest the need to perform Western blotting immunodiagnosis, as well as the ELISA using <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> excretory-secretory antigens, to improve diagnosis of human toxocariasis in patients with epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/156815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]],"date-time":"2013-04-23T02:59:07Z","timestamp":1366685947000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigation of Anti-<i>Toxocara<\/i> Antibodies in Epileptic Patients and Comparison of Two Methods: ELISA and Western Blotting"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Zibaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 381351698, \n\t\t\t\t\tKhorramabad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Firoozeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 8715988141, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Bahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box  381351698, Khorramabad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mahmoud","family":"Sadjjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 713451735, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0722-5"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.2009.0108"},{"issue":"6","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114618","volume":"125","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.9.1831-1835.1991","volume":"29","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(79)35465-3","volume":"86","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928685","volume":"77","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2004.42.3.137","volume":"42","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Korean journal of parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9","first-page":"35","volume":"4","year":"1972","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"issue":"3","key":"10","first-page":"94","volume":"81","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"issue":"2","key":"11","first-page":"39","volume":"24","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tropical biomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"12","first-page":"63","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nepal Medical College Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05356.x","volume":"31","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.8.1256","volume":"58","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01432.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.25500.x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.12.008"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.05.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"19","first-page":"299","volume":"16","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology Asia"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.2.224"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/46.6.327"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001558"},{"issue":"6","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.6.551","volume":"46","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(97)00027-5","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"issue":"3","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(98)00016-6","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"issue":"3","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2002.40.3.113","volume":"40","year":"2002","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.006"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2013\/156815.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2013\/156815.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2013\/156815.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T11:46:05Z","timestamp":1607600765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ert\/2013\/156815\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["156815","156815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/156815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-1348","2090-1356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-1356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]]}}}