{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:59:10Z","timestamp":1791273550096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>includes about 200 different species, but only a few species are human opportunistic pathogens and cause infections when the host becomes debilitated or immunocompromised.<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>infections can be superficial or invasive. Superficial infections often affect the skin or mucous membranes and can be treated successfully with topical antifungal drugs. However, invasive fungal infections are often life-threatening, probably due to inefficient diagnostic methods and inappropriate initial antifungal therapies. Here, we briefly review our current knowledge of pathogenic species of the genus<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>and yeast infection causes and then focus on current antifungal drugs and resistance mechanisms. An overview of new therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>infections is also provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/204237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T17:00:41Z","timestamp":1372266041000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["<i>Candida<\/i>Infections, Causes, Targets, and Resistance Mechanisms: Traditional and Alternative Antifungal Agents"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Spampinato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios Fotosint\u00e9ticos y Bioqu\u00edmicos (CEFOBI, UNR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2292-3570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dar\u00edo","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica Rosario (IQUIR, UNR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2006.11.005"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.26.1.33.14253"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-09"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00034-10"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.06.009"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.014"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1278"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/496922"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-10"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.12.52","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Review of Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/363764"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70218-8"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1086\/421946","volume":"39","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-22"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.9.3640-3645.2005"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.200800353"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.04.045","volume":"20","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.02.004"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01295.x"},{"key":"22","first-page":"700","volume-title":"Antifungal drugs","year":"2003"},{"issue":"12","key":"23","first-page":"1645","volume":"11","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.62396"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.3.369"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.06.010"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0024-8"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/423377"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021585"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00181-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.2.171","volume":"46","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.368-377.2000"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2009.00578.x"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138945005774912744"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504492"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(09)70004-X"},{"key":"143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03680.x"},{"key":"144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645070-00002"},{"key":"145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11319340-000000000-00000"},{"key":"146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1228-z"},{"key":"147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096348"},{"key":"148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.828-833.2002"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524071"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/713687"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283321ce5"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ERI.09.18"},{"issue":"7","key":"97","first-page":"116","volume":"2007","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arkivoc"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.200900296"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-005-0070-3"},{"key":"90","first-page":"205","volume-title":"6. The role of natural products in discovery of new anti-infective agents with emphasis on antifungal compounds","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(00)80062-4","volume":"23","year":"2000","journal-title":"Systematic and Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.03.009"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.03.033"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.02.006"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.06.012"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.07.017"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.05.031","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la101500s"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm900435v"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2004.06.004"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10895"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00411-06"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0014-2956.2001.02728.x"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.03.001"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.200950937"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm900044x"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm900784x"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.12.038"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.11970"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-005-9029-3"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.08.005","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Polymer Science"},{"key":"125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2007.08.005"},{"key":"124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.033"},{"key":"127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.113"},{"key":"128","first-page":"609","volume":"83","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research B"},{"key":"129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.188"},{"key":"130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200900106"},{"key":"131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm800574x"},{"key":"132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.26786"},{"key":"136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00366-11"},{"key":"138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm428"},{"key":"139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543780903176407"},{"key":"151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.279-285.2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"41","first-page":"13","volume":"61","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.3.593","volume":"9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"43","first-page":"1","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.619-622.2003"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511039"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500093838"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322641"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703252"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.3.917-921.2006"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01551-06"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3137-3141.2004"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2012.04.004"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00051-08"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.6.1639-1652.2004"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.105.054767"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00069-09"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06143.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2753","volume":"43","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1773-1777.2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.7.1819","volume":"42","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01095-08"},{"issue":"1","key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.109.116","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Mycology"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3773-3781.2004"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05235.x"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1384-1392.2006"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00348-10"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00263-2"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1382-1383.2004"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500939"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00148-06"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm453"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit136"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06112-11"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00262-08"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00524-06"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00067-07"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3264-3273.2005"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01653-05"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01162-08"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2009.06.003"},{"key":"81","first-page":"7","volume":"49","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313749"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08162-X"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380796"},{"issue":"2","key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(08)70027-5","volume":"25","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01510-06"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(96)01360-9"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3101-3108.2005"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9342-1"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.11.016"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np040106y"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-158"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013311632207"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.01.028"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.03.008"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np058128n"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.12.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-16-4-159","volume":"16","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01549.x"},{"key":"133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.05.013"},{"key":"134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00731-11"},{"key":"135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00291-11"},{"issue":"2","key":"137","first-page":"88","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Infectious Disease"},{"key":"140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn431"},{"issue":"8","key":"141","first-page":"766","volume":"7","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2012.683859","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/204237.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/204237.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/204237.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T08:20:12Z","timestamp":1563265212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/204237\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["204237","204237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/204237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}