{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:25:42Z","timestamp":1740147942877,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Dong Hwa University","award":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"]}]},{"name":"National Dong Hwa University","award":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2221-E-259-004","NSC 101-2221-E-303-002","101T924-3","102T931-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiological signals often show complex fluctuation (CF) under the dual influence of temporal and spatial scales, and CF can be used to assess the health of physiologic systems in the human body. This study applied multiscale cross-approximate entropy (MC-ApEn) to quantify the complex fluctuation between R-R intervals series and photoplethysmography amplitude series. All subjects were then divided into the following two groups: healthy upper middle-aged subjects (Group 1, age range: 41\u201380 years,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>27<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and upper middle-aged subjects with type 2 diabetes (Group 2, age range: 41\u201380 years,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>24<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). There are significant differences of heart rate variability, LHR, between Groups 1 and 2 (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mn>1.94<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1.21<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mn>1.32<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1.00<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.031<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Results demonstrated differences in sum of large scale MC-ApEn (MC-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ApEn<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>LS<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mn>5.32<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.50<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mn>4.74<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.78<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). This parameter has a good agreement with pulse-pulse interval and pulse amplitude ratio (PAR), a simplified assessment for baroreflex activity. In conclusion, this study employed the MC-ApEn method, integrating multiple temporal and spatial scales, to quantify the complex interaction between the two physical signals. The MC-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ApEn<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>LS<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>parameter could accurately reflect disease process in diabetics and might be another way for assessing the autonomic nerve function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/231762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T01:12:59Z","timestamp":1379985179000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy Analysis as a Measurement of Complexity between ECG R-R Interval and PPG Pulse Amplitude Series among the Normal and Diabetic Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Hsien-Tsai","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2227-776X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chih-Yuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyuan-Cin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6249-5238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"An-Bang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Buddhist Tzu Chi University, No. 707, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 97074, 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