{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1792292831683,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major State Basic Research Project","award":["2009CB522007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009CB522007"]}]},{"name":"Major State Basic Research Project","award":["2012BAI01B07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012BAI01B07"]}]},{"name":"National \u201cTwelfth Five-Year\u201d Plan for Science and Technology Support Program","award":["2009CB522007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009CB522007"]}]},{"name":"National \u201cTwelfth Five-Year\u201d Plan for Science and Technology Support Program","award":["2012BAI01B07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012BAI01B07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The study was to survey and assess the drug dependence and abuse potential of tramadol with no history of substance abuse. Subjects of tramadol dependence with no prior history of substance abuse were surveyed by interview. Physical dependence of tramadol was assessed using 10 items opiate withdrawal scale (OWS), and psychological dependence was assessed by Addiction Research Center Inventory\u2014Chinese Version (ARCI-CV). Twenty-three male subjects (the median age was<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23.4<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>4.1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>years) referred to the addiction unit in Medical Hospital of Guangzhou with tramadol abuse problems were included in this cross-sectional study. The control group included 87 heroin addicts, 60 methamphetamine (MA) abusers, and 50 healthy men. The scores of OWS of tramadol were 0.83\u20132.30; the mean scores of identifying euphoric effects\u2013MBG, sedative effects\u2013PCAG, and psychotomimetic effects\u2013LSD of ARCI were<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8.96<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>3.08<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6.52<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>3.25<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6.65<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2.50<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, respectively,<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>= 4.927,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>. Scores of MBG scale in tramadol did not differ from those in heroin and MA groups (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) but were higher than those in healthy men (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Tramadol with no history of substance abuse has a clear risk of producing high abuse potential under the long-term infrequent abuse and the high doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/283425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T21:03:25Z","timestamp":1379019805000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Investigation of Tramadol Dependence with No History of Substance Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Spontaneously Reported Cases in Guangzhou City, China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002100000266"},{"issue":"1","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199615010-00002","volume":"15","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"key":"3","year":"1992"},{"key":"4","year":"2000"},{"key":"5","year":"2002"},{"key":"6","year":"2006"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(98)00123-3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10025"},{"issue":"1","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.037","volume":"520","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(91)90081-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02166.x","volume":"47","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00098-2"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108090270"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10025"},{"issue":"1","key":"21","first-page":"52","volume":"20","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacologica Sinica"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.05.018"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00041-1"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2007.00119.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.09.020"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/283425.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/283425.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/283425.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T21:50:13Z","timestamp":1498081813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2013\/283425\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["283425","283425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/283425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}