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Control is by targeted treatment with praziquantel but preschool age children are excluded from control programs. Immunological studies on the effect of treatment at this young age are scarce. In light of studies in older individuals showing that praziquantel alters antischistosome immune responses and responses to bystander antigens, this study aims to investigate how these responses would be affected by treatment at this young age. Antibody responses directed against schistosome antigens,<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>crude and recombinant antigens, and the allergen house dust mite were measured in children aged 3 to 5 years before and 6 weeks after treatment. The change in serological recognition of schistosome proteins was also investigated. Treatment augmented antischistosome IgM and IgE responses. The increase in IgE responses directed against adult worm antigens was accompanied by enhanced antigen recognition by sera from the children. Antibody responses directed against<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>antigens were not significantly affected by praziquantel treatment nor were levels of allergen specific responses. Overall, praziquantel treatment enhanced, quantitatively and qualitatively, the antiworm responses associated with protective immunity but did not alter<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>-specific responses or allergen-specific responses which mediate pathology in allergic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/283619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T23:21:14Z","timestamp":1370474474000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Immunological Consequences of Antihelminthic Treatment in Preschool Children Exposed to Urogenital Schistosome Infection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Rujeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Nausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Midzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Research, Box CY 570, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Research Council of Zimbabwe, Block A, Delken Complex, Mount Pleasant Business Park, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme J.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Burchmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. 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