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Thiamine deficiency also alters principally hippocampal\u2010 and frontal cortical\u2010dependent neurochemistry; moreover in WKS patients, important pathological damage to the diencephalon can occur. In fact, the amnesic syndrome typical for WKS is mainly due to the damage in the diencephalic\u2010hippocampal circuitry, including thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies. The loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain region results in decreased cholinergic input to the hippocampus and the cortex and reduced choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and function, as well as in acetylcholine receptor downregulation within these brain regions. In this narrative review, we will focus on the neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological studies shedding light on the effects of thiamine deficiency in experimental models and in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/309143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]],"date-time":"2013-10-21T22:01:22Z","timestamp":1382392882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Thiamine Deficiency Induced Neurochemical, Neuroanatomical, and Neuropsychological Alterations: A Reappraisal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5243-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Nardone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"H\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Storti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Christova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frediano","family":"Tezzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Golaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Brigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","volume-title":"Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurologic Disorders due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition","author":"Victor M.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.4.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199802000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(82)90145-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00437.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.3.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91162-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.5.635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089509071058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000122761.09179.B9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(89)90050-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638708410764"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/nedt.2006.2.3.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","volume-title":"Alcoholic Korsakoff\u2032s Syndrome: An Information-Processing Approach to Amnesia","author":"Butters N.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Research in Psychology and Medicine","author":"Meudell P. 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