{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:43:18Z","timestamp":1789148598029,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["138094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["138094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. The brain\u2019s inflammatory response to the infecting pathogen determines the outcome of bacterial meningitis (BM), for example, the associated mortality and the extent of brain injury. The inflammatory cascade is initiated by the presence of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) activating resident immune cells and leading to the influx of blood derived leukocytes. To elucidate the pathomechanisms behind the observed difference in outcome between different pathogens, we compared the inflammatory profile in the CSF of patients with BM caused by<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumonia<\/jats:italic>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>14<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>),<jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>22<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and<jats:italic>Haemophilus influenza<\/jats:italic>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>9<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. CSF inflammatory parameters, including cytokines and chemokines, MMP-9, and nitric oxide synthase activity, were assessed in a cohort of patients with BM from Burkina Faso.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Pneumococcal meningitis was associated with significantly higher CSF concentrations of IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, MCP-1, and the matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP-) 9. In patients with a fatal outcome, levels of TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, IL-1RA, IL-6, and TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>were significantly higher.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The signature of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and the intensity of inflammatory processes in CSF are determined by the bacterial pathogen causing bacterial meningitis with pneumococcal meningitis being associated with a higher case fatality rate than meningitis caused by<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>H. influenzae.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/312476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T21:20:08Z","timestamp":1371763208000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The Causative Pathogen Determines the Inflammatory Profile in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Outcome in Patients with Bacterial Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Grandgirard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstra\u00dfe 51, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel","family":"G\u00e4umann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstra\u00dfe 51, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boubacar","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Dangy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina 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