{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:50:13Z","timestamp":1790275813035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05-02-12-2191 RU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-02-12-2191 RU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of chlorogenic acid against clinical isolates of<jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>was investigated through disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-kill and biofilm assays. A total of 9 clinical<jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>isolates including one isolate resistant to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (TMP\/SMX) were tested. The inhibition zone sizes for the isolates ranged from 17 to 29\u2009mm, while the MIC and MBC values ranged from 8 to 16\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>and 16 to 32\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Chlorogenic acid appeared to be strongly bactericidal at 4x MIC, with a 2-log reduction in viable bacteria at 10\u2009h.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>antibiofilm testing showed a 4-fold reduction in biofilm viability at 4x MIC compared to 1x MIC values (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.085<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.397<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>A 490\u2009nm) of chlorogenic acid. The data from this study support the notion that the chlorogenic acid has promising<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against<jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/392058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,20]],"date-time":"2012-12-20T21:04:02Z","timestamp":1356037442000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Chlorogenic Acid against Clinical Isolates of<i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/i>including the Trimethoprim\/Sulfamethoxazole Resistant Strain"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Arunkumar","family":"Karunanidhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400 Serdang, 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