{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:39:51Z","timestamp":1778895591001,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>) has a role in the multifactorial etiology of peptic ulcer disease. A link between<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection and duodenal ulcer disease is now established. Other contributing factors and their interaction with the organism may initiate the ulcerative process. The fact that eradication of<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection leads to a long-term cure in the majority of duodenal ulcer patients and the fact that the prevalence of infection is higher in ulcer patients than in the normal population are cogent arguments in favor of it being the primary cause of the ulceration. Against this concept there are issues that need explanation such as the reason why only a minority of infected persons develop duodenal ulceration when infection with<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>is widespread. There is evidence that<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection has been prevalent for several centuries, yet duodenal ulceration became common at the beginning of the twentieth century. The prevalence of duodenal ulceration is not higher in countries with a high prevalence of<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection. This paper debate puts forth the point of view of two groups of workers in this field whether<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection is the primary cause of duodenal ulcer disease or a secondary factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/425840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T21:02:10Z","timestamp":1364418130000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Is<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>Infection the Primary Cause of Duodenal Ulceration or a Secondary Factor? A Review of the Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3953-8492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vikram","family":"Kate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Ananthakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry 607402, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank I.","family":"Tovey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"8390","key":"1","first-page":"1348","volume":"1","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00262-4","volume":"22","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296784"},{"issue":"6","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1302","volume":"161","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.6.2632-2638.1993","volume":"61","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.3.351","volume":"34","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"7","first-page":"65","volume":"26","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200401000-00004"},{"issue":"5","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.5.1799-1809.1993","volume":"61","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0933-z"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.038398-0"},{"issue":"8648","key":"12","first-page":"1167","volume":"1","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00029.x","volume":"5","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4, supplement","key":"14","first-page":"8S","volume":"92","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02423.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00268-5","volume":"22","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"5","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01281.x","volume":"9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00455.x","volume":"12","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"19","first-page":"5","volume":"11","year":"1998","journal-title":"National Medical Journal of India"},{"issue":"4","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-4-266","volume":"115","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"8626-8627","key":"21","first-page":"1437","volume":"2","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.101634"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.021"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05982.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2009.03.010"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2012.00978.x"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93316-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199303000-00005","volume":"5","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"29","first-page":"CD003840","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00304.x","volume":"8","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"31","first-page":"26","volume":"137","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"32","first-page":"1901","volume":"90","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"33","first-page":"34","volume":"17","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)01041-8"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(95)70266-0"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000201117"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01197.x"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200012070-00003"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.132"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v2.i1.29"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1442-y"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(04)01569-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"43","first-page":"75","volume":"19","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tropical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01275.x"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2008.12.001"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.584894"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00928.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2010.11680672","volume":"110","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Chirurgica Belgica"},{"issue":"6","key":"49","first-page":"384","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"West African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"50","first-page":"A90","volume":"102","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820325"},{"issue":"12","key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800831237","volume":"83","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-7797-x"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200002000-00001"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.01831.x"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"56","first-page":"99","volume":"131","year":"2001","journal-title":"Swiss Medical Weekly"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04490.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.10.707","volume":"91","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080857"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05562"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003209"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)02617-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"63","first-page":"58","volume":"67","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.568"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01343.x"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007461"},{"issue":"2","key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v7.i2.149","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"40","key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6413","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i40.6413","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.035"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.02005.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"71","first-page":"300","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.10.561","volume":"94","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2003.03320.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.4.429","volume":"33","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1400-1746.2005.03852.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb01012.x","volume":"7","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00569.x","volume":"13","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01293.x","volume":"9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"79","first-page":"28","volume":"87","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"80","first-page":"209","volume":"43","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.7.564","volume":"16","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i1.6","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(01)02337-1"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(98)00333-5"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.167_b.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"86","first-page":"1154","volume":"86","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01214.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"88","first-page":"273","volume":"26","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana"},{"issue":"11","key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/95.11.749","volume":"95","year":"2002","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"10","key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.10.1344","volume":"34","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"91","first-page":"6","volume":"2","year":"1987","journal-title":"Theoretical Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.8.1033","volume":"35","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"93","first-page":"96","volume":"67","year":"1910","journal-title":"Bruns' Beitr\u00e4ge f\u00fcr Klinische Chirurgie"},{"issue":"6","key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000171231","volume":"7","year":"1989","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01240.x","volume":"9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.12.1068","volume":"21","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02214.x"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1310"},{"issue":"4","key":"99","first-page":"149","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Research"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4865"},{"issue":"35","key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i35.4665","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90957-3","volume":"99","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-6-425","volume":"44","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.5.1669-1673.1995","volume":"63","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113443.x","volume":"142","year":"1985","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000079149"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2003.06.001"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/grp\/2013\/425840.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/grp\/2013\/425840.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/grp\/2013\/425840.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T02:02:48Z","timestamp":1715133768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/grp\/2013\/425840\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["425840","425840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/425840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6121","1687-630X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6121","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-630X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}