{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:51:52Z","timestamp":1753887112002,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":315,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is an obligate intracellular\n\t\t\t\t\t protozoan parasite responsible for a common infection of the central nervous system. \n\t\t\t\t\t  Interferon (IFN)<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> is the key cytokine of host defence against\n\t\t\t\t\t   <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. However, <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> strains differ in\n\t\t\t\t\t    virulence and <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> factors determining virulence are still poorly\n\t\t\t\t\t     understood. In astrocytes IFN<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> primarily induces immunity\u2010related GTPases\n\t\t\t\t\t       (IRGs), providing a cell\u2010autonomous resistance system. \n\t\t\t\t\t           Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes prestimulated with IFN<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> inhibit the proliferation of\n\t\t\t\t\t            various avirulent, but not virulent, <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> strains. The two analyzed immunity\u2010related\n\t\t\t\t\t             GTPases Irga6 and Irgb6 accumulate at the PV only of avirulent <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> strains,\n\t\t\t\t\t              whereas in virulent strains this accumulation is only detectable at very low levels. Both IRG proteins\n\t\t\t\t\t               could temporarily be found at the same PV, but did only partially colocalize. Coinfection of avirulent\n\t\t\t\t\t                and virulent parasites confirmed that the accumulation of the two analyzed IRGs was a characteristic\n\t\t\t\t\t                 of the individual PV and not determined by the presence of other strains\n\t\t\t\t\t                  of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in the same host cell. Thus, in\n\t\t\t\t\t                   astrocytes the accumulation of Irga6 and Irgb6 significantly differs between avirulent and\n\t\t\t\t\t                    virulent <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> strains correlating with the toxoplasmacidal properties\n\t\t\t\t\t                     suggesting a role for this process in parasite virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/480231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T21:10:44Z","timestamp":1384290644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Astrocytes the Accumulation of the Immunity\u2010Related GTPases Irga6 and Irgb6 at the Vacuole of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> Is Dependent on the Parasite Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Felix P.","family":"Lubitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Degrandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Pfeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Mausberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(99)80061-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii: model for studying the selective induction of cell-mediated immunity by intracellular parasites","volume":"2","author":"Gazzinelli R. 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