{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:23:53Z","timestamp":1761017033939,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. In neocortical epilepsies not satisfactorily responsive to systemic antiepileptic drug therapy, local application of antiepileptic agents onto the epileptic focus may enhance treatment efficacy and tolerability. We describe the effects of focally applied valproate (VPA) in a newly emerging rat model of neocortical epilepsy induced by tetanus toxin (TeT) plus cobalt chloride (CoCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>).<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. In rats, VPA (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) or sodium chloride (NaCl) (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) containing polycaprolactone (PCL) implants were applied onto the right motor cortex treated before with a triple injection of 75\u2009ng TeT plus 15\u2009mg CoCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Video-EEG monitoring was performed with intracortical depth electrodes.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. All rats randomized to the NaCl group died within one week after surgery. In contrast, the rats treated with local VPA survived significantly longer (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). In both groups, witnessed deaths occurred in the context of seizures. At least<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>of the rats surviving the first postoperative day developed neocortical epilepsy with recurrent spontaneous seizures.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. The novel TeT\/CoCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>approach targets at a new model of neocortical epilepsy in rats and allows the investigation of local epilepsy therapy strategies. In this vehicle-controlled study, local application of VPA significantly enhanced survival in rats, possibly by focal antiepileptic or antiepileptogenic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/497485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]],"date-time":"2013-09-14T17:01:26Z","timestamp":1379178086000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Locally Applied Valproate Enhances Survival in Rats after Neocortical Treatment with Tetanus Toxin and Cobalt Chloride"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Dirk-Matthias","family":"Altenm\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas M.","family":"Hebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Rassner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-5369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvanie","family":"Volz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Freiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Feuerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Zentner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 64, 79106 Freiburg, 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