{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T23:09:35Z","timestamp":1788736175695,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,29]],"date-time":"2013-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388275200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ISRN Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Esophageal cancer at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) is the leading cancer in men with a poor prognosis. A case control study<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>159<\/mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math>aimed at the histology type, gender, and risk indicators was carried out at MTRH. Mantel Haenszel chi-square and logistic regression were employed for analysis. Squamous-cell carcinoma was the common histological type occurring in the middle third portion of the oesophagus. The occurrence of the cancer in males was 1.4 times that of females. The mean age was 56.1\u2009yrs. Low socioeconomic, smoking, snuff use, alcohol, tooth loss, cooking with charcoal and firewood, hot beverage, and use of<jats:italic>mursik<\/jats:italic>were independently associated with esophageal cancer<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math>. Using logistic regression adjusted for various factors, alcohol consumption was associated with the increased risk of esophageal cancer. AHR was 0.45 and 95% CI: 0.205\u20130.985,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.046<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>. A societal component of low socioeconomic conditions, a lifestyle component with specific practices such as the consumption of<jats:italic>mursik, chang\u2019aa, busaa<\/jats:italic>, snuff, smoking, hot tea, poor oral hygiene, and an environmental component with potential exposure to high levels of nitrosamines, passive smoking, and cooking with coal, could be involved. The increase in experts at MTRH capable of diagnosing could be responsible for the increase in reporting this neoplasm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/503249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,29]],"date-time":"2013-12-29T21:33:21Z","timestamp":1388352801000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Esophageal Cancer, the Topmost Cancer at MTRH in the Rift Valley, Kenya, and Its Potential Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Kirtika","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Moi University, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnston","family":"Wakhisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Moi University, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Mining","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Moi University, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, Moi University, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radheka","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74","volume":"55","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ca-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"key":"2","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4024","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4024.846","volume":"175","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4","first-page":"225","volume":"69","year":"1973","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"5","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Biology of esophageal squamous cell carinoma","year":"1995"},{"key":"6","first-page":"681","volume-title":"Esophageal cancer","year":"1996"},{"key":"7","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Neoplasma of the oesophagus","year":"1999"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21002"},{"key":"9","volume-title":"International agency for Research on Cancer, WHO. 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