{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:24:58Z","timestamp":1781191498439,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22580333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22580333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)","award":["22580333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22580333"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hot springs are the most common infectious source of<jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>in Japan. However, little is known about the association between<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>and environmental waters other than hot springs. In this study, water samples from 22 environmental water sites were surveyed; of the 22 samples, five were<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>positive (23%).<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>was mainly isolated from ashiyu foot spas, a type of hot spring for the feet (3\/8, 38%). These isolates had genetic loci or genes that encoded the virulence factors of<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, these isolates showed higher intracellular growth and stronger cytotoxicity compared with the reference strain. These results suggest that ashiyu foot spa can be the original source for<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/514395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]],"date-time":"2013-07-11T21:00:35Z","timestamp":1373576435000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterization of<i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>Isolated from Environmental Water and Ashiyu Foot Spa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Masato","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, 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