{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:47:03Z","timestamp":1791582423486,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pomegranates have been known for hundreds of years for their multiple health benefits, including antimicrobial activity. The recent surge in multidrug-resistant bacteria and the possibility of widespread global virus pandemics necessitate the need for additional preventative and therapeutic options to conventional drugs. Research indicates that pomegranates and their extracts may serve as natural alternatives due to their potency against a wide range of bacterial and viral pathogens. Nearly every part of the pomegranate plant has been tested for antimicrobial activities, including the fruit juice, peel, arils, flowers, and bark. Many studies have utilized pomegranate peel with success. There are various phytochemical compounds in pomegranate that have demonstrated antimicrobial activity, but most of the studies have found that ellagic acid and larger hydrolyzable tannins, such as punicalagin, have the highest activities. In some cases the combination of the pomegranate constituents offers the most benefit. The positive clinical results on pomegranate and suppression of oral bacteria are intriguing and worthy of further study. Much of the evidence for pomegranates\u2019 antibacterial and antiviral activities against foodborne pathogens and other infectious disease organisms comes from\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell-based assays, necessitating further confirmation of\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy through human clinical trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/606212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,20]],"date-time":"2013-05-20T17:04:51Z","timestamp":1369069491000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["The Pomegranate: Effects on Bacteria and Viruses That Influence Human Health"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Amy B.","family":"Howell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris H.","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Pomegranate","year":"2004"},{"key":"2","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Antimicrobial activities of pomegranate","year":"2006"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00270-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.07.004","volume":"143","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"5","first-page":"273","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-200","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.002"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00533.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14051808"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967167"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.05.015"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.036"},{"issue":"10","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.10.2336","volume":"69","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)90097-3"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1522"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.01.029"},{"issue":"1","key":"17","first-page":"27","volume":"14","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.02.022"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.0009"},{"issue":"12","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.12.2508","volume":"72","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"8","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1203","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2011.01.019"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.02.006","volume":"155","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.038"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901931b"},{"issue":"10","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5537","volume":"95","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.02.011","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"29","first-page":"511","volume":"67","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica"},{"issue":"1","key":"30","first-page":"107","volume":"67","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","first-page":"1","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402006000300009","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brazilian Dental Journal"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.03.020","volume":"141","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"34","first-page":"29","volume":"42","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quintessence International"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J157v06n02_07"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2004.11.009"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01104.x"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.200410355"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00349-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1046","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.08.034"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-9-23"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-56"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.501763"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/1096620041224111"},{"issue":"2","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-9476.96525","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2759"},{"issue":"3","key":"38","first-page":"70","volume":"7","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w05-022"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.09.001","volume":"50","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2009.10.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"51","first-page":"1219","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.06.002"},{"key":"53","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Punica granatum (pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide","volume":"1056","year":"2005"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.008"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071811q","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902716r"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600276"},{"issue":"82","key":"58","first-page":"140","volume":"57","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0873","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.12.011"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.04.123"},{"issue":"6","key":"62","first-page":"48","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech"},{"issue":"4","key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09669.x","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-2290"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.024"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500940"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605127"},{"issue":"5","key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502","volume":"5","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.12.030"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02439.x"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02346-05"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022811-101234","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341085"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0583"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1976.tb14379.x","volume":"41","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-002","volume":"75","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.06.014"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np960040+"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1958"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2006.10.016","volume":"1770","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3423"},{"issue":"3","key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2009.07.001","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/606212.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/606212.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/606212.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T09:22:52Z","timestamp":1498036972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/606212\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["606212","606212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/606212","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-427X","1741-4288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}