{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:51:52Z","timestamp":1791615112009,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tsetse flies (<jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>spp.) are the sole vectors of<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\u2014the agent of human (HAT) and animal (AAT) trypanosomiasis.<jats:italic>Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Gff<\/jats:italic>) is the main vector species in Uganda\u2014the only country where the two forms of HAT disease (<jats:italic>rhodesiense and gambiense<\/jats:italic>) occur, with<jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic>limited to the northwest.<jats:italic>Gff<\/jats:italic>populations cluster in three genetically distinct groups in northern, southern, and western Uganda, respectively, with a contact zone present in central Uganda. Understanding the dynamics of this contact zone is epidemiologically important as the merger of the two diseases is a major health concern. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA data from<jats:italic>Gff<\/jats:italic>samples in the contact zone to understand its spatial extent and temporal stability. We show that this zone is relatively narrow, extending through central Uganda along major rivers with south to north introgression but displaying no sex-biased dispersal. Lack of obvious vicariant barriers suggests that either environmental conditions or reciprocal competitive exclusion could explain the patterns of genetic differentiation observed. Lack of admixture between northern and southern populations may prevent the sympatry of the two forms of HAT disease, although continued control efforts are needed to prevent the recolonization of tsetse-free regions by neighboring populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/614721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T21:07:07Z","timestamp":1380748027000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetically Distinct<i>Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/i>Populations in the Lake Kyoga Region of Uganda and Its Relevance for Human African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Loroo Division, Gulu Municpality, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sistrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaz","family":"Hyseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Enyaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala University Rd, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loyce","family":"Okedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O. 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