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While efforts have been made to achieve fast matching for known trips, the need for accurate mobile tracking for individual users still remains a bottleneck. For example, drivers feel impatient to input their routes before driving, or centralized systems haves difficulties to track a large number of vehicles in real time. In this paper, we present the idea of Mobility Crowdsourcing (MobiCrowd), which leverages private smartphone to collect individual trips for carpooling, without any explicit effort on the part of users. Our scheme generates daily trips and mobility models for each user, and then makes carpooling zero-effort by enabling travel data to be crowdsourced instead of tracking vehicles or asking users to input their trips. With prior mobility knowledge, one user's travel routes and positions for carpooling can be predicted according to the location of the time and other mobility context. Based on a realistic travel survey and simulation, we prove that our scheme can provide efficient and accurate position estimation for individual carpools. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/615282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T21:03:48Z","timestamp":1361912628000},"page":"615282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mobility Crowdsourcing: Toward Zero-Effort Carpooling on Individual Smartphone"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nianbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Computer Technology Applications, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinchuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.9.5.2"},{"first-page":"293","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Rai A.","key":"B3-2013-615282"},{"key":"B4-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-123"},{"key":"B6-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2008.399"},{"key":"B7-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSSCI.2009.026540"},{"key":"B8-2013-615282","first-page":"56","volume":"9","author":"Chen R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transportation Research"},{"key":"B9-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ComputationWorld.2009.55"},{"key":"B11-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600816664"},{"issue":"3","key":"B12-2013-615282","first-page":"25","volume":"22","author":"Winter S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kunstliche Intelligenz"},{"key":"B13-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2010.83"},{"key":"B14-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2007.94"},{"key":"B15-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958"},{"key":"B16-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177170"},{"key":"B17-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3929\/ethz-a-004239866"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Swiss Transport Research Conference","author":"Sch\u00f6nfelder S.","key":"B18-2013-615282"},{"key":"B19-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH2010.8901"},{"key":"B20-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6083078"},{"key":"B21-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232298"},{"key":"B22-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1859995.1860013"},{"key":"B23-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2007.4381560"},{"key":"B24-2013-615282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2008.242"},{"volume-title":"Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques","year":"2005","author":"Whitten I. 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