{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:20:29Z","timestamp":1789154429075,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (NSSC)","award":["2012M2A2A6035679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012M2A2A6035679"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate the role of hyaluronic acid (HA) on<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae in vitro<\/jats:italic>biofilm formation and evaluate gene expressions of virulence and\/or biofilm related genes. Biofilms were grown in medium supplied with HA derived from capsule of<jats:italic>Streptococcus equi<\/jats:italic>. The biomasses of biofilms were detected by crystal-violet (CV) microtiter plate assay, and the morphology was viewed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The gene expressions were assessed by relative quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that the HA support pneumococcal growth in planktonic form and within biofilms. The CV-microtiter plate assay detected significantly increased biofilm growth in medium containing HA. The SEM analysis revealed thick and organized biofilms in positive control and HA supplemented medium. The<jats:italic>nanA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>nanB<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>bgaA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>strH<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>luxS<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>hysA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ugl<\/jats:italic>, and PST-EIIA encoding genes were significantly upregulated in the planktonic cells grown in presence of HA, while the<jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>comA<\/jats:italic>genes were downregulated. Similarly the<jats:italic>luxS<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>hysA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ugl<\/jats:italic>, and PST-EIIA encoding genes were significantly upregulated by more than 2-folds in HA biofilms. The results of this study indicate that the HA derived from capsule of<jats:italic>S. equi<\/jats:italic>supports pneumococcal growth in planktonic state and within biofilms and upregulated virulence and biofilm related genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/690217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,20]],"date-time":"2013-09-20T00:46:03Z","timestamp":1379637963000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hyaluronic Acid Derived from Other Streptococci Supports<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro<\/i>Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Mukesh Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-773, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Won","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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