{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:47:39Z","timestamp":1791226059793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>moulds exist ubiquitously as spores that are inhaled in large numbers daily. Whilst most are removed by anatomical barriers, disease may occur in certain circumstances. Depending on the underlying state of the human immune system, clinical consequences can ensue ranging from an excessive immune response during allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis to the formation of an aspergilloma in the immunocompetent state. The severest infections occur in those who are immunocompromised where invasive pulmonary aspergillosis results in high mortality rates. The diagnosis of<jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>-associated pulmonary disease is based on clinical, radiological, and immunological testing. An understanding of the innate and inflammatory consequences of exposure to<jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>species is critical in accounting for disease manifestations and preventing sequelae. The major components of the innate immune system involved in recognition and removal of the fungus include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptide production, and recognition by pattern recognition receptors. The cytokine response is also critical facilitating cell-to-cell communication and promoting the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of the host response. In the following review, we discuss the above areas with a focus on the innate and inflammatory response to airway<jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>exposure and how these responses may be modulated for therapeutic benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/723129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,21]],"date-time":"2013-07-21T21:01:07Z","timestamp":1374440467000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["<i>Aspergillus<\/i>-Associated Airway Disease, Inflammation, and the Innate Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-7607","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanjay H.","family":"Chotirmall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0926-3208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mazen","family":"Al-Alawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2128-6779","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bojana","family":"Mirkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9110-2149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gillian","family":"Lavelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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