{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:48:06Z","timestamp":1790682486349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autoimmune Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling plays a major role in the modulation of immune-mediated inflammatory responses and therefore has been linked with several autoimmune diseases. The extent of the involvement of p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases has started to emerge, but whether it pays a critical role is a matter of debate. The activity of p38 MAPK has been studied in great detail during the loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesions and the development of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF). These diseases are characterised by autoantibodies targeting desmogleins (Dsg). Whether autoantibody-antigen interactions can trigger signaling pathways (such as p38 MAPK) that are tightly linked to the secretion of inflammatory mediators which may perpetuate inflammation and tissue damage in pemphigus remains unclear. Yet, the ability of p38 MAPK inhibitors to block activation of the proapoptotic proteinase caspase-3 suggests that the induction of apoptosis may be a consequence of p38 MAPK activation during acantholysis in PV. This review discusses the current evidence for the role of p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of pemphigus. We will also present data relating to the targeting of these cascades as a means of therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/728529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]],"date-time":"2013-07-10T17:02:00Z","timestamp":1373475720000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["p38 MAPK Signaling in Pemphigus: Implications for Skin Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Mavropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute for Research and Technology-Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King\u2019s College London School of Medicine at King\u2019s College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoklia","family":"Orfanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King\u2019s College London School of Medicine at King\u2019s College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Liaskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King\u2019s College London School of Medicine at King\u2019s College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Smyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King\u2019s College London School of Medicine at King\u2019s College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Spyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazaros I.","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini I.","family":"Rigopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Bogdanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute for Research and Technology-Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King\u2019s College London School of Medicine at King\u2019s College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.11.003"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03506.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.07.002"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210790963823"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183811"},{"issue":"7","key":"6","first-page":"643","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2496"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.020"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.112.7.962"},{"issue":"2","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110615","volume":"70","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"5","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90360-B","volume":"67","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080391"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808204200"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.111"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05663"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804595"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.399"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2012.01606.x"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602973103"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603622200"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.172874"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03638.x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-002-0366-3","volume":"295","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2011.606444"},{"issue":"5","key":"21","first-page":"497","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02541.x"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/187864"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.015"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08971.x"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2004.07.006"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053739"},{"issue":"6","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.6.1719","volume":"165","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10305","volume":"106","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00035-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5252","volume":"103","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"5","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12460937","volume":"89","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.03.040185.000511","volume":"3","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119130","volume":"99","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607963200"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.137.5.1091"},{"issue":"5","key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8748","volume":"105","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100483"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600971943"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405123200"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.05.005"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611365200"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.081570"},{"issue":"2","key":"46","first-page":"800","volume":"123","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050696"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.03.009"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.10.013"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02084-6"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2782"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3282"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008671"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.205724"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.06.005"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.10.019"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700280"},{"issue":"3","key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1431","volume":"176","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"56","key":"59","first-page":"161","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09706.x"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-367-7_19"},{"key":"62","first-page":"67","volume":"263","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2003.11.009"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.06.013"},{"key":"65","first-page":"S428","volume":"52","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.074278"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156802608786264245"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.171"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.11.021"},{"issue":"1","key":"70","first-page":"9","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Inflammation Research"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00696.x"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-007-9148-4"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23232.x"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000225739.13796.f2"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.10.009"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.313809"},{"issue":"1","key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114426","volume":"85","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057587"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-003-0478-4"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27743-9_13"},{"issue":"8","key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-002-0349-4","volume":"294","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700527"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30313"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2011.606446"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187221511797636266"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039991"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600972008"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.12.67"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2011.1611"},{"issue":"2","key":"91","first-page":"210","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Drugs in Dermatology"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.11.22"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-012-0017-3"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1780005"},{"issue":"11","key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7497","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7497","volume":"177","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.22.7802-7811.2002"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.028381"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20110648"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2006.07.010"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12020"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.120"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.01.015"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.4.1314"},{"issue":"9","key":"104","first-page":"892","volume":"60","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2005.05.007"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.126273"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06651.x"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12080"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207336"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06744.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"111","first-page":"940","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Drugs in Dermatology"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01899.x"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00934.x"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20788"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233533"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01586.x"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-8-12"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.69"}],"container-title":["Autoimmune Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ad\/2013\/728529.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ad\/2013\/728529.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ad\/2013\/728529.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T20:54:32Z","timestamp":1563396872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ad\/2013\/728529\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["728529","728529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/728529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0422","2090-0430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0422","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0430","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}