{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:49:12Z","timestamp":1770752952025,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Cox proportional hazards regression model has become the traditional choice for modeling survival data in medical studies. To introduce flexibility into the Cox model, several smoothing methods may be applied, and approaches based on splines are the most frequently considered in this context. To better understand the effects that each continuous covariate has on the outcome, results can be expressed in terms of splines-based hazard ratio (HR) curves, taking a specific covariate value as reference. Despite the potential advantages of using spline smoothing methods in survival analysis, there is currently no analytical method in the<jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>software to choose the optimal degrees of freedom in multivariable Cox models (with two or more nonlinear covariate effects). This paper describes an<jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>package, called<jats:monospace>smoothHR<\/jats:monospace>, that allows the computation of pointwise estimates of the HRs\u2014and their corresponding confidence limits\u2014of continuous predictors introduced nonlinearly. In addition the package provides functions for choosing automatically the degrees of freedom in multivariable Cox models. The package is available from the<jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>homepage. We illustrate the use of the key functions of the<jats:monospace>smoothHR<\/jats:monospace>package using data from a study on breast cancer and data on acute coronary syndrome, from Galicia, Spain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/745742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,12]],"date-time":"2013-12-12T21:03:43Z","timestamp":1386882223000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["smoothHR: An R Package for Pointwise Nonparametric Estimation of Hazard Ratio Curves of Continuous Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-7665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Meira-Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mathematics, University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Cadarso-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and O.R., 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