{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:46:06Z","timestamp":1768416366968,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-ASIA-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-ASIA-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-S-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-S-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU99-NSC-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU99-NSC-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-ASIA-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-ASIA-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-S-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-S-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU99-NSC-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU99-NSC-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-ASIA-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-ASIA-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-S-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-S-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU99-NSC-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU99-NSC-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC99-2628-B-039-006-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-ASIA-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-ASIA-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU100-S-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU100-S-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU99-NSC-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU99-NSC-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study rated antiviral activity of<jats:italic>Scutellaria baicalensis<\/jats:italic>Georgi (<jats:italic>S. baicalensis<\/jats:italic>) extracts against influenza A virus subtypes, for example, pandemic 2009 H1N1, seasonal H1N1 and H3N2. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform extracts inhibited<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>neuraminidase (NA) enzymatic activity and viral replication more than methanol (MeOH) extract. EtOAc extract demonstrated NA inhibition IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values ranging from 73.16 to 487.40\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>g\/mL and plaque reduction IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values ranging from 23.7 to 27.4\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>g\/mL. Chloroform extract showed antiviral activities with plaque reduction IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values ranging from 14.16 to 41.49\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>g\/mL Time-of-addition assay indicated that EtOAc and chloroform extracts also significantly inhibited virus yields after infection. HPLC analysis demonstrated that baicalin was dominant in the MeOH extract; baicalein and chrysin were rich in the EtOAc and chloroform extracts. Molecular simulation revealed baicalein hydrogen bonding with Glu277 as well as hydrophobic and Van der Waals interactions with Ile222, Arg224, Ser246, and Tyr347 in NA1 active sites of NA1. Baicalein inhibited in vitro replication of influenza A viruses pandemic 2009 H1N1 (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.018\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>M) and seasonal 2007 H1N1 using plaque reduction assays. A combination of low-dose baicalein with other anti-influenza agents could be applicable for development of alternative remedies treating influenza A virus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/750803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T17:20:25Z","timestamp":1371748825000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Baicalein, Ethyl Acetate, and Chloroform Extracts of<i>Scutellaria baicalensis<\/i>Inhibit the Neuraminidase Activity of Pandemic 2009 H1N1 and Seasonal Influenza A Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Mann-Jen","family":"Hour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Kuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Shiun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-2652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng-Wen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"1533","volume-title":"Orthomyxoviruses","year":"2001"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1477-8939(03)00060-7"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1076"},{"issue":"1","key":"4","first-page":"1","volume":"47","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.8.joc60020"},{"issue":"1","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1482-9","volume":"158","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Virology"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4371108a"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321358"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-010-0534-z"},{"issue":"11","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116200109","volume":"109","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.06.022"},{"issue":"5937","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225","volume":"325","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-009-0404-8"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2009.10.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"15","first-page":"232","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.09.014"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70318-8"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304459"},{"key":"19","year":"1993"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00467-2"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2006.01.011"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0125"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2008.09.005"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-0917-z"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.238"},{"issue":"32","key":"26","first-page":"5153","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.093"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.03.003"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9775"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.984"},{"issue":"2","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90362-2","volume":"94","year":"1979","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.42.5.1183","volume":"42","year":"2007","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.1777","volume":"42","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Oncology"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00477-06"},{"key":"35","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.10.004","volume":"97","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.09.010","volume":"96","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3485"},{"issue":"11","key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02978215","volume":"28","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Pharmacal Research"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.07.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.38.1329","volume":"38","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(92)90080-O"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)00062-D"},{"key":"44","first-page":"1538","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.255"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/750803.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/750803.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/750803.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T20:07:06Z","timestamp":1563221226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2013\/750803\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["750803","750803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/750803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-427X","1741-4288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}