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Probiotics have been defined as \u201clive microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host.\u201d In model systems probiotics regulate innate and inflammatory immune responses. Commonly used probiotics include lactic acid bacteria, particularly<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Saccharomyces<\/jats:italic>, and these are often used as dietary supplements to provide a health benefit in gastrointestinal diseases including infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. In this respect, probiotics probably act as immunomodulatory agents and activators of host defence pathways which suggest that they could influence disease severity and incidence at sites distal to the gut. There is increasing evidence that orally delivered probiotics are able to regulate immune responses in the respiratory system. This review provides an overview of the possible role of probiotics and their mechanisms of action in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/751068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,8]],"date-time":"2013-05-08T21:35:50Z","timestamp":1368048950000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Probiotics in the Management of Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mortaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center and National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian 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