{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:09:17Z","timestamp":1791108557003,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008002","name":"Vancouver Coastal Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"North Growth Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by hypometric movements resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PD leads to decreased activation of the supplementary motor area (SMA); the net result of these changes is a poverty of movement. The present study determined the impact of 5\u2009Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the SMA on a fine motor movement, handwriting (writing cursive \u201cl\u201ds), and on cortical excitability, in individuals with PD.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. In a cross-over design, ten individuals with PD were randomized to receive either 5\u2009Hz or control stimulation over the SMA. Immediately following brain stimulation right handed writing was assessed.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. 5\u2009Hz stimulation increased vertical size of handwriting and diminished axial pressure. In addition, 5\u2009Hz rTMS significantly decreased the threshold for excitability in the primary motor cortex.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. These data suggest that in the short term 5\u2009Hz rTMS benefits functional fine motor task performance, perhaps by altering cortical excitability across a network of brain regions. Further, these data may provide the foundation for a larger investigation of the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation over the SMA in individuals with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/751925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,8]],"date-time":"2013-05-08T17:35:49Z","timestamp":1368034549000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Handwriting in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Bubblepreet K.","family":"Randhawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 212-2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky G.","family":"Farley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, McKale Center 229C, P.O. Box 210096, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara A.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 212-2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, 212-2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 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