{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:17:52Z","timestamp":1770963472152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-0009400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-0009400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the effects of [6]-gingerol, a ginger phytochemical, on tight junction (TJ) molecules, we investigated TJ tightening and signal transduction pathways in human pancreatic duct cell-derived cancer cell line PANC-1. The following methods were utilized: MTT assay to determine cytotoxicity; zymography to examine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities; transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular flux for TJ measurement; RT-PCR and immunoblotting for proteins related to TJ and invasion; and EMSA for NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B activity in PANC-1 cells. Results revealed that TER significantly increased and claudin 4 and MMP-9 decreased compared to those of the control. TJ protein levels, including zonula occludens (ZO-) 1, occludin, and E-cadherin, increased in [6]-gingerol-treated cells, which correlated with a decrease in paracellular flux and MMP activity. Furthermore, NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B\/Snail nuclear translocation was suppressed via downregulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in response to [6]-gingerol treatment. Moreover, treatment with U0126, an ERK inhibitor, completely blocked NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B activity. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that [6]-gingerol regulates TJ-related proteins and suppresses invasion and metastasis through NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B\/Snail inhibition via inhibition of the ERK pathway. Therefore, [6]-gingerol may suppress the invasive activity of PANC-1 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/761852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T21:33:25Z","timestamp":1380058405000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["[6]-Gingerol Prevents Disassembly of Cell Junctions and Activities of MMPs in Invasive Human Pancreas Cancer Cells through ERK\/NF-<b><i>\u03ba<\/i><\/b>B\/Snail Signal Transduction Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-0808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sung Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 165 Sang Dong, Suseong gu, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi 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